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Kenneth Todor, Ph.D.

Most microbiologists distinguish two groups of antimicrobial

used in the treatment of infectious diseases: antibiotics, which

natural substances produced by certain groups of microorganisms, and

chemotherapeutic drugs that are chemically synthesized. Hybrid materials

semi-synthetic antibiotics, which

molecular variant of microbe subsequently changed

chemist to achieve the desired properties. In addition, some

antimicrobial compounds, originally identified products

microorganisms can be synthesized entirely by chemical means. In

Medical and parmaceutical worlds, all of these antimicrobial agents used in the treatment

illness called antibiotics

interpret words literally. In the modern era of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy began in 1929 with the opening

Fleming powerful bactericidal substance, penicillin, and

Domahk discovery in 1935 of synthetic chemicals (sulfonamides)

with a broad antimicrobial effect. In the early 1940's, partly why the need for antibacterial agents

World War II, penicillin was isolated and purified and put into

experimental animals, where it was found not only to treat infections, but

also has extremely low toxicity to animals. This fact >> << opened to the world at the age of antibiotic chemotherapy, and intensive search >> << for similar antimicrobial agents with low toxicity to animals

might be useful in the treatment of infectious diseases. Fast >> << isolation streptomycin, and tetracycline levomitsetin soon

followed, and the 1950's, these and some other antibiotics

in clinical use. Bacterial colonies in 10:00, 2

hours and on agar plates 8:00 produce antibiotics that suppress

attacks from a form that grows from the center. Most of the natural antibiotics used in agriculture and medicine

produced three unrelated groups of microbes, including

eukaryotic forms and two types sporoobrazuyuschyh bacteria. However, many >> << culturable, and some not culturable microbes have been shown to produce different >> << substances that inhibit other organisms that grow in th

space. Given antibiotics as secondary metabolites of microbes

, This narrows the field for several microbes

discussed below. A. Penicillium Cephalosporium to produce beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporin >> << and their relatives. They also produce molecules base for

development of semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics, such as

amoxacillin and ampicillin. Beta-lactams are used to treat about

third of outpatients with bacterial infections. Natural habitat is soil mold. Although sometimes sex

involved, they reproduce by creating spores. They are primarily in their ability

destroy organic matter, and they play a critical role

in the nature of biodegradation and carbon cycle. Most of us know that

forms rise almost all organic and humid, so

they are also responsible for much food spoilage, and

expansion of our construction materials and textiles. "Nothing is forever

" out of shape about. mold on agar >>. Green << fuzzy appearance of asexual spores of the fungus >>. << 2. Actinomycetes, mostly

Streptomyces, produce

tetracyclines, aminoglycosides (streptomycin and its relatives)

macrolides (erythromycin and its relatives), chloramphenicol,

Ivermectin, rifampicin and most other clinically -useful antibiotics

, non-beta-lactams. Actinomycetes are based industry >> << antibiotics. Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria branching, which reproduce by spores education >>. They come from << type bacteria, and they landed

okay. Some of the family include such diverse bacteria

Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Nocardia,

Propionibacter, Streptomyces, Micromonospora. Most actinomycetes

inhabitants of the earth. The characteristic smell of wet soil associated with

production of substances called geosmins, these bacteria

Two different actinomycetes were seen in the center of agar plates

about two inches apart. This kind of growth model was

observed after 10-day incubation period. What could be wrong? Courtesy of Jerry Ensign Department of Bacteriology. "Chance promotes

prepared mind."

3. Bacillus, such as

B. polymyxa

and B. ziYShz, produce polypeptide antibiotics (eg polymyxin and bacitracin

) and

VA

seheiz produces zwittermicin. look at

relatively rare ability to form resting cells known as type

endospory. Gram-positive bacilli, bacillary, aerobic bacteria that

live in the soil. They play an important ecological role in aerobic >> << decomposition, bio-and mineral processing. The growth of colonies from other bacteria and

forms of soil. Bitches always counterclockwise, at least

in the northern hemisphere, where I saw it. These organisms all have in common that they live in soil and

they form a kind of dispute or recreational structures. Do not know why

these microorganisms producing antibiotics, but the answer may be obvious >> << -

it gives them some power or spatial advantage in their natural environment

antagonism to competition, or it can be subtle - it acts as a >> << hormone or signaling molecules associated with sporulyatsyy or

peace and germination. Antibiotics are secondary metabolites, and they carried

while >> << that cells begin the process sporulyatsyy. Antibiotics are usually very large, complex organic molecule and

may take up to 30 separate enzymatic reactions of synthesis. Summary

significant component of the bacterial genome is devoted exclusively to the

antibiotic synthesis leads to the conclusion that antibiotic >>

is important, if not necessary for the survival of these organisms in th

natural habitat. Most microorganisms that produce antibiotic-resistant

action of its own antibiotic, although the organisms affecting

other antibiotics, and antibiotics may be effective against closely related strains of

. In most cases, how and why bacteria

resistant to antibiotics, its also unknown, but it can cost >> << think or study, if we want to see

cellular and molecular basis of drug resistance in pathogens.

Kenneth Todor, Ph.D. All rights reserved. - WWW. textbookofbacteriology. Net >>. <<